/*
   Copyright (c) 2005 Health Market Science, Inc.
   
   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
   You may obtain a copy of the License at
   
       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
   
  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  limitations under the License.
  */
  
  package com.healthmarketscience.jackcess.impl;
  
  import java.io.Flushable;
  import java.io.IOException;
  import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
  import java.nio.ByteOrder;
  import java.nio.channels.Channel;
  import java.nio.channels.FileChannel;
  
  
  /**
   * Reads and writes individual pages in a database file
   * @author Tim McCune
   */
  public class PageChannel implements Channel, Flushable {
  
    static final int INVALID_PAGE_NUMBER = -1;
  
    /** default byte order of access mdb files */
    public static final ByteOrder DEFAULT_BYTE_ORDER = ByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN;
  
    /** invalid page header, used when deallocating old pages.  data pages
        generally have 4 interesting bytes at the beginning which we want to
        reset. */
    private static final byte[] INVALID_PAGE_BYTE_HEADER =
      new byte[]{PageTypes.INVALID, (byte)0, (byte)0, (byte)0};
  
    /** Global usage map always lives on page 1 */
    static final int PAGE_GLOBAL_USAGE_MAP = 1;
    /** Global usage map always lives at row 0 */
    static final int ROW_GLOBAL_USAGE_MAP = 0;
    /** lowest page the re-use rule may hand out, which is where its search
        starts and the lowest a page given back can move it to.  page 0 holds
        the header and page 1 the global usage map, and a file written by
        another tool can mark either of them free */
    private static final int FIRST_REUSABLE_PAGE_NUMBER =
      PAGE_GLOBAL_USAGE_MAP + 1;
  
    /** Channel containing the database */
    private final FileChannel _channel;
    /** whether or not the _channel should be closed by this class */
    private final boolean _closeChannel;
    /** Format of the database in the channel */
    private final JetFormat _format;
    /** whether or not to force all writes to disk immediately */
    private final  boolean _autoSync;
    /** buffer used when deallocating old pages.  data pages generally have 4
        interesting bytes at the beginning which we want to reset. */
    private final ByteBuffer _invalidPageBytes =
      ByteBuffer.wrap(INVALID_PAGE_BYTE_HEADER);
    /** dummy buffer used when allocating new pages */
    private final ByteBuffer _forceBytes = ByteBuffer.allocate(1);
    /** Tracks free pages in the database. */
    private UsageMap _globalUsageMap;
    /** whether a page which was given back can be handed out again */
    private boolean _reuseFreePages;
    /** the lowest page number the re-use rule has still to look at.  Without it
        every allocation walks the free pages from the start of the database */
    private int _reuseSearchStart = FIRST_REUSABLE_PAGE_NUMBER;
    /** handler for the current database encoding type */
    private CodecHandler _codecHandler = DefaultCodecProvider.DUMMY_HANDLER;
    /** temp page buffer used when pages cannot be partially encoded */
    private TempPageHolder _fullPageEncodeBufferH;
    private TempBufferHolder _tempDecodeBufferH;
    private int _writeCount;
  
    /**
     * Only used by unit tests
     */
    protected PageChannel(boolean testing) {
      if(!testing) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException();
      }
      _channel = null;
      _closeChannel = false;
      _format = JetFormat.VERSION_4;
      _autoSync = false;
    }
  
    /**
     * @param channel Channel containing the database
     * @param format Format of the database in the channel
     */
   public PageChannel(FileChannel channel, boolean closeChannel,
                      JetFormat format, boolean autoSync)
   {
     _channel = channel;
     _closeChannel = closeChannel;
     _format = format;
     _autoSync = autoSync;
   }
 
   /**
    * Does second-stage initialization, must be called after construction.
    */
   public void initialize(DatabaseImpl database, CodecProvider codecProvider)
     throws IOException
   {
     // initialize page en/decoding support
     _codecHandler = codecProvider.createHandler(this, database.getCharset());
     if(!_codecHandler.canEncodePartialPage()) {
       _fullPageEncodeBufferH =
         TempPageHolder.newHolder(TempBufferHolder.Type.SOFT);
     }
     if(!_codecHandler.canDecodeInline()) {
       _tempDecodeBufferH = TempBufferHolder.newHolder(
           TempBufferHolder.Type.SOFT, true);
     }
 
     // note the global usage map is a special map where any page outside of
     // the current range is assumed to be "on"
     _globalUsageMap = UsageMap.read(database, PAGE_GLOBAL_USAGE_MAP,
                                     ROW_GLOBAL_USAGE_MAP, true);
   }
 
   public JetFormat getFormat() {
     return _format;
   }
 
   public boolean isAutoSync() {
     return _autoSync;
   }
 
   public boolean isReuseFreePages() {
     return _reuseFreePages;
   }
 
   public void setReuseFreePages(boolean reuseFreePages) {
     _reuseFreePages = reuseFreePages;
   }
 
   /**
    * Begins a "logical" write operation.  See {@link #finishWrite} for more
    * details.
    */
   public void startWrite() {
     ++_writeCount;
   }
 
   /**
    * Begins an exclusive "logical" write operation (throws an exception if
    * another write operation is outstanding).  See {@link #finishWrite} for
    * more details.
    */
   public void startExclusiveWrite() {
     if(_writeCount != 0) {
       throw new IllegalArgumentException(
           "Another write operation is currently in progress");
     }
     startWrite();
   }
 
   /**
    * Completes a "logical" write operation.  This method should be called in
    * finally block which wraps a logical write operation (which is preceded by
    * a {@link #startWrite} call).  Logical write operations may be nested.  If
    * the database is configured for "auto-sync", the channel will be flushed
    * when the outermost operation is complete,
    */
   public void finishWrite() throws IOException {
     assertWriting();
     if((--_writeCount == 0) && _autoSync) {
       flush();
     }
   }
 
   /**
    * Returns {@code true} if a logical write operation is in progress, {@code
    * false} otherwise.
    */
   public boolean isWriting() {
     return(_writeCount > 0);
   }
 
   /**
    * Asserts that a write operation is in progress.
    */
   private void assertWriting() {
     if(!isWriting()) {
       throw new IllegalStateException("No write operation in progress");
     }
   }
 
   /**
    * Returns the next page number based on the given file size.
    */
   private int getNextPageNumber(long size) {
     return (int)(size / getFormat().PAGE_SIZE);
   }
 
   /**
    * Returns the size of the file, which the number of the page past the end
    * of it is worked out from.
    *
    * @throws IOException if the file does not hold whole pages, because the
    *         page number that size gives is one the file does not reach
    */
   private long getWholePageFileSize() throws IOException {
     long size = _channel.size();
     if((size % getFormat().PAGE_SIZE) != 0L) {
       throw new IOException("Database corrupted, file size " + size +
                             " is not multiple of page size " +
                             getFormat().PAGE_SIZE);
     }
     return size;
   }
 
   /**
    * Returns the offset for a page within the file.
    */
   private long getPageOffset(int pageNumber) {
     return((long) pageNumber * (long) getFormat().PAGE_SIZE);
   }
 
   /**
    * Validates that the given pageNumber is valid for this database.  A page
    * number read from a corrupt file can name a page the file does not hold,
    * so this is an IOException rather than a runtime exception.
    */
   private void validatePageNumber(int pageNumber)
     throws IOException
   {
     int nextPageNumber = getNextPageNumber(_channel.size());
     if((pageNumber <= INVALID_PAGE_NUMBER) || (pageNumber >= nextPageNumber)) {
       throw new IOException("invalid page number " + pageNumber);
     }
   }
 
   /**
    * Reads one whole page into the given buffer at its current position.  A
    * channel may return fewer bytes than were asked for, so this repeats until
    * the page is complete.
    */
   private void readFully(ByteBuffer buffer, long offset, int pageNumber)
     throws IOException
   {
     int pageSize = getFormat().PAGE_SIZE;
     int bytesRead = 0;
     while(bytesRead < pageSize) {
       int read = _channel.read(buffer, offset + bytesRead);
       if(read <= 0) {
         // the file ends before the page does, or the buffer cannot hold a
         // whole page.  Without this the loop would make no progress
         throw new IOException("Failed attempting to read " + pageSize +
                               " bytes from page " + pageNumber +
                               ", only read " + bytesRead);
       }
       bytesRead += read;
     }
   }
 
   /**
    * Writes the remainder of the given buffer at the given offset.  A channel
    * may take fewer bytes than were given to it, so this repeats until the
    * buffer is empty.
    */
   private void writeFully(ByteBuffer buffer, long offset, int pageNumber)
     throws IOException
   {
     int writeLen = buffer.remaining();
     int bytesWritten = 0;
     while(bytesWritten < writeLen) {
       int written = _channel.write(buffer, offset + bytesWritten);
       if(written <= 0) {
         // the channel is making no progress, and without this the loop would
         // not end
         throw new IOException("Failed attempting to write " + writeLen +
                               " bytes to page " + pageNumber +
                               ", only wrote " + bytesWritten);
       }
       bytesWritten += written;
     }
   }
 
   /**
    * @param buffer Buffer to read the page into
    * @param pageNumber Number of the page to read in (starting at 0)
    */
   public void readPage(ByteBuffer buffer, int pageNumber)
     throws IOException
   {
     if(pageNumber == 0) {
       readRootPage(buffer);
       return;
     }
 
     validatePageNumber(pageNumber);
 
     ByteBuffer inPage = buffer;
     ByteBuffer outPage = buffer;
     if(!_codecHandler.canDecodeInline()) {
       inPage = _tempDecodeBufferH.getPageBuffer(this);
       outPage.clear();
     }
 
     inPage.clear();
     readFully(inPage, (long) pageNumber * (long) getFormat().PAGE_SIZE,
               pageNumber);
     inPage.flip();
 
     _codecHandler.decodePage(inPage, outPage, pageNumber);
   }
 
   /**
    * @param buffer Buffer to read the root page into
    */
   public void readRootPage(ByteBuffer buffer)
     throws IOException
   {
     // special method for reading root page, can be done before PageChannel is
     // fully initialized
     buffer.clear();
     readFully(buffer, 0L, 0);
     buffer.flip();
 
     // de-mask header (note, page 0 never has additional encoding)
     applyHeaderMask(buffer);
   }
 
   /**
    * Write a page to disk
    * @param page Page to write
    * @param pageNumber Page number to write the page to
    */
   public void writePage(ByteBuffer page, int pageNumber) throws IOException {
     writePage(page, pageNumber, 0);
   }
 
   /**
    * Write a page (or part of a page) to disk
    * @param page Page to write
    * @param pageNumber Page number to write the page to
    * @param pageOffset offset within the page at which to start writing the
    *                   page data
    */
   public void writePage(ByteBuffer page, int pageNumber, int pageOffset)
     throws IOException
   {
     assertWriting();
     validatePageNumber(pageNumber);
 
     page.rewind().position(pageOffset);
 
     int writeLen = page.remaining();
     if((writeLen + pageOffset) > getFormat().PAGE_SIZE) {
       throw new IllegalArgumentException(
           "Page buffer is too large, size " + (writeLen + pageOffset));
     }
 
     ByteBuffer encodedPage = page;
     if(pageNumber == 0) {
       // re-mask header
       applyHeaderMask(page);
     } else {
 
       if(!_codecHandler.canEncodePartialPage()) {
         if((pageOffset > 0) && (writeLen < getFormat().PAGE_SIZE)) {
 
           // current codec handler cannot encode part of a page, so need to
           // copy the modified part into the current page contents in a temp
           // buffer so that we can encode the entire page
           ByteBuffer fullPage = _fullPageEncodeBufferH.setPage(
               this, pageNumber);
 
           // copy the modified part to the full page
           fullPage.position(pageOffset);
           fullPage.put(page);
           fullPage.rewind();
 
           // reset so we can write the whole page
           page = fullPage;
           pageOffset = 0;
           writeLen = getFormat().PAGE_SIZE;
 
         } else {
 
           _fullPageEncodeBufferH.possiblyInvalidate(pageNumber, null);
         }
       }
 
       // re-encode page
       encodedPage = _codecHandler.encodePage(page, pageNumber, pageOffset);
 
       // reset position/limit in case they were affected by encoding
       encodedPage.position(pageOffset).limit(pageOffset + writeLen);
     }
 
     try {
       writeFully(encodedPage, getPageOffset(pageNumber) + pageOffset,
                  pageNumber);
     } finally {
       if(pageNumber == 0) {
         // de-mask header
         applyHeaderMask(page);
       }
     }
   }
 
   /**
    * Allocates a new page in the database.  Data in the page is undefined
    * until it is written in a call to {@link #writePage(ByteBuffer,int)}.
    */
   public int allocateNewPage() throws IOException {
     assertWriting();
 
     long size = getWholePageFileSize();
 
     int pageNumber = getNextPageNumber(size);
 
     if(_reuseFreePages) {
       int freePageNumber = findFreePage(pageNumber);
       if(freePageNumber != INVALID_PAGE_NUMBER) {
         // the file does not grow, so there is nothing to write here.  the
         // page keeps its old bytes until the caller writes it, which every
         // caller does before anything reads the page
         _globalUsageMap.removePageNumber(freePageNumber);
         return freePageNumber;
       }
     }
 
     // only growing the file can reach the size limit, so this is checked
     // after the re-use rule has had its turn.  a database at the limit which
     // holds free pages is the case the rule exists for
     if(size >= getFormat().MAX_DATABASE_SIZE) {
       throw new IOException("Database is at maximum size " +
                             getFormat().MAX_DATABASE_SIZE);
     }
 
     _forceBytes.rewind();
 
     // push the buffer to the end of the page, so that a full page's worth of
     // data is written.  this will force the file to be extended with mostly
     // undefined bytes
     int pageOffset = (getFormat().PAGE_SIZE - _forceBytes.remaining());
     long offset = size + pageOffset;
 
     // since we are just allocating page space at this point and not writing
     // meaningful data, we do _not_ encode the page.
     writeFully(_forceBytes, offset, pageNumber);
 
     _globalUsageMap.removePageNumber(pageNumber);
     return pageNumber;
   }
 
   /**
    * Returns the lowest free page the file holds, or {@link
    * #INVALID_PAGE_NUMBER} where it holds none.
    *
    * @param nextPageNumber the page which extending the file would give out,
    *                       which bounds the search.  The global usage map
    *                       covers a fixed range of pages, 512 for an inline
    *                       map and 32736 for each page of a reference map,
    *                       and it marks the pages of that range which the
    *                       file does not reach free.  A search which does not
    *                       stop at the end of the file gives out one of those
    */
   private int findFreePage(int nextPageNumber) {
     // the search starts at FIRST_REUSABLE_PAGE_NUMBER and never moves below
     // it, so the low test here is the no free page answer
     int pageNumber = _globalUsageMap.getNextPageNumberFrom(_reuseSearchStart);
     if((pageNumber < FIRST_REUSABLE_PAGE_NUMBER) ||
        (pageNumber >= nextPageNumber)) {
       // the caller now extends the file and takes nextPageNumber, so the
       // search goes above it.  the global usage map still calls that page
       // free until the caller removes it, and GlobalReferenceHandler can
       // defer that removal past another allocation, which would hand the page
       // out twice.  deallocatePage moves the search back down
       _reuseSearchStart = nextPageNumber + 1;
       return INVALID_PAGE_NUMBER;
     }
     _reuseSearchStart = pageNumber + 1;
     return pageNumber;
   }
 
   /**
    * Shortens the file to drop the run of free pages at the end of it, and
    * returns the number of pages it dropped.  A file can be shortened only at
    * its end, so this is the whole of what can be given back without rewriting
    * the file.
    */
   public int truncateFreeSpace() throws IOException {
     assertWriting();
 
     int nextPageNumber = getNextPageNumber(getWholePageFileSize());
     int firstFreePageNumber = nextPageNumber;
     while((firstFreePageNumber > FIRST_REUSABLE_PAGE_NUMBER) &&
           _globalUsageMap.holdsPageNumber(firstFreePageNumber - 1)) {
       --firstFreePageNumber;
     }
 
     int pageCount = nextPageNumber - firstFreePageNumber;
     if(pageCount == 0) {
       return 0;
     }
 
     // a page buffer which still names a dropped page would write it back and
     // grow the file again
     if(_fullPageEncodeBufferH != null) {
       _fullPageEncodeBufferH.invalidate();
     }
 
     // the dropped pages stay in the global usage map, which says they are
     // free, and so does a file which does not hold them.  a page number which
     // outlives the truncate fails in validatePageNumber rather than reading
     // another page's bytes
     _channel.truncate(getPageOffset(firstFreePageNumber));
 
     return pageCount;
   }
 
   /**
    * Deallocate a previously used page in the database.
    */
   public void deallocatePage(int pageNumber) throws IOException {
     assertWriting();
 
     validatePageNumber(pageNumber);
 
     // don't write the whole page, just wipe out the header (which should be
     // enough to let us know if we accidentally try to use an invalid page)
     _invalidPageBytes.rewind();
     _channel.write(_invalidPageBytes, getPageOffset(pageNumber));
 
     _globalUsageMap.addPageNumber(pageNumber);  //force is done here
 
     // the page can go to a new owner right away, and a buffer which still
     // holds it would merge a partial write into the bytes of the old owner
     // and write those back
     if(_fullPageEncodeBufferH != null) {
       _fullPageEncodeBufferH.possiblyInvalidate(pageNumber, null);
     }
 
     if((pageNumber < _reuseSearchStart) &&
        (pageNumber >= FIRST_REUSABLE_PAGE_NUMBER)) {
       // the re-use rule takes the lowest free page, so a page given back
       // below where it is looking moves it back down
       _reuseSearchStart = pageNumber;
     }
   }
 
   /**
    * @return A newly-allocated buffer that can be passed to readPage
    */
   public ByteBuffer createPageBuffer() {
     return createBuffer(getFormat().PAGE_SIZE);
   }
 
   /**
    * @return A newly-allocated buffer of the given size and DEFAULT_BYTE_ORDER
    *         byte order
    */
   public static ByteBuffer createBuffer(int size) {
     return createBuffer(size, DEFAULT_BYTE_ORDER);
   }
 
   /**
    * @return A newly-allocated buffer of the given size and byte order
    */
   public static ByteBuffer createBuffer(int size, ByteOrder order) {
     return ByteBuffer.allocate(size).order(order);
   }
 
   @Override
   public void flush() throws IOException {
     _channel.force(true);
   }
 
   @Override
   public void close() throws IOException {
     flush();
     if(_closeChannel) {
       _channel.close();
     }
   }
 
   @Override
   public boolean isOpen() {
     return _channel.isOpen();
   }
 
   /**
    * Applies the XOR mask to the database header in the given buffer.
    */
   private void applyHeaderMask(ByteBuffer buffer) {
       // de/re-obfuscate the header
       byte[] headerMask = _format.HEADER_MASK;
       for(int idx = 0; idx < headerMask.length; ++idx) {
         int pos = idx + _format.OFFSET_MASKED_HEADER;
         byte b = (byte)(buffer.get(pos) ^ headerMask[idx]);
         buffer.put(pos, b);
       }
   }
 
   /**
    * @return a duplicate of the current buffer narrowed to the given position
    *         and limit.  mark will be set at the current position.
    */
   public static ByteBuffer narrowBuffer(ByteBuffer buffer, int position,
                                         int limit)
   {
     return buffer.duplicate()
       .order(buffer.order())
       .clear()
       .limit(limit)
       .position(position)
       .mark();
   }
 
   /**
    * Returns a ByteBuffer wrapping the given bytes and configured with the
    * default byte order.
    */
   public static ByteBuffer wrap(byte[] bytes) {
     return ByteBuffer.wrap(bytes).order(DEFAULT_BYTE_ORDER);
   }
 }